Mehmet T\u00dcT\u00dcNC\u00dc ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 \u0130lhan KARA\u00c7AY derledi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc bankac\u0131s\u0131 Gerard Vissering\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor ve t\u00fcz\u00fck ile kurulan Merkez Bankas\u0131, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ve Celal Bayar \u00e7eki\u015fmesine sahne olmu\u015f.
\n*Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n, Vissering\u2019e hediye olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu 2000 adetlik sigara Hollanda g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.
\n*T\u00fcrkiye Merkez Bankas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Vissering\u2019e mektupla ba\u015fvuran Hollandal\u0131 bankac\u0131lara, \u2018T\u00fcrkler milli bankalar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak istemezler\u2019 cevab\u0131 verilmi\u015f.
\n*\u00c7ekoslovakya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Hollanda\u2019da istedi\u011fi Merkez Bankas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye raporu ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00e7ok gizli tutuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in verilmemi\u015f.
\n*Konuyla ilgili olarak 20 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Ankara\u2019da, daha sonra da \u0130stanbul ve Amsterdam\u2019da sergiler a\u00e7\u0131lacak. Ayr\u0131ca, yar\u0131n Lahey B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7imiz, Hollanda Merkez Bankas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fecek.
\n*Atat\u00fcrk ile de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Vissering\u2019in, Devlet Ar\u015fivindeki dosyas\u0131n\u0131n, haber yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in 10 g\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 var.
\nBiz, yine de dosyadaki baz\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar\u0131 sizlere sunal\u0131m ve \u00f6nemli detaylar\u0131 haftaya b\u0131rakal\u0131m.
\nDe\u011ferli Okurlar\u0131m, d\u00fcn yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fum \u201cATAT\u00dcRK \u0130LE G\u00d6R\u00dc\u015eT\u00dcKTEN SONRA, MERKEZ BANKASI\u2019NIN H\u00dcK\u00dcMETE BA\u011eLI OLMAYAN KURULU\u015e RAPORUNU HAZIRLAYAN HOLLANDALI DANI\u015eMANIN DOSYASI BUG\u00dcN HOLLANDA DEVLET AR\u015e\u0130V\u0130NDE A\u00c7ILIYOR\u2026\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 haberime, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den oldu\u011fu gibi, d\u00fcnmyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan \u00e7ok olumlu mesajlar geldi.
\nTebrik edenler, te\u015fekk\u00fcr edenler ve \u2018Haberinizi payla\u015fabilir miyiz\u2019 diyenlerin yan\u0131nda, Hollanda Devlet Ar\u015fivi\u2019deki dosyay\u0131 \u00e7ok merak edenler de vard\u0131.
\n\u00c7ok de\u011ferli dostum, Tarih Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 ve Ekonom Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Lahey\u2019deki ar\u015five, trene koydu\u011fu bisikleti ile gitti, alt\u0131 saatl\u0131k bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan sonra, 46 km\u2019lik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunu da Ba\u015fbakan Rutte misali 2,5 saat pedal sallayarak d\u00f6nd\u00fc.
\nMehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, \u00e7ok ciddi d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, ilgin\u00e7 (Sarkastisch) d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar da buldu.
\nCiddi konular aras\u0131nda Ba\u015fbakan \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ile \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Celal Bayar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fme de vard\u0131. Celal Bayar, \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini istiyor, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ise yeni bir olu\u015fum istiyordu.
\nCiddi konular\u0131n i\u015flenmesi ve haber yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en az 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir zamana ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu belirten Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, baz\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 konular\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 daha kolay buldu.
\n\u0130lgin\u00e7 d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda, Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n, Hollandal\u0131 uzman Bankac\u0131 Gerard Visselin\u2019e g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu 2000 sigaray\u0131 haber veren mektubu ve bu sigaralar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011fe tak\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131. Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n, Gerard Vissering\u2019e, g\u00f6nderilen sigaralar hakk\u0131ndaki mektup ile (solda), sigaralar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011fe tak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren belge (sa\u011fda)
\nMehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131nda, \u00c7ekoslovakya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan banka raporu ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Hollanda\u2019da isteyen mektubu ile, Hollandal\u0131 banka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n, Vissering\u2019ten T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f isteyen mektuplar\u0131 vard\u0131.
\nGerek \u00c7ekoslovakya h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve gerekse Hollandal\u0131 bankac\u0131lara tabii ki olumsuz cevaplar verildi. (Altta)
\nMehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn ilgin\u00e7 buldu\u011fu d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlardan biri \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019ye ait. Ba\u015fbakan \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131mda sulama i\u015flerinin daha iyi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00fcnl\u00fc bir Hollanda firmas\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki mektubu, her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi, sadece \u2018\u0130smet\u2019 imzas\u0131yla g\u00f6ndermi\u015f. Daha sonra bu firma ile yararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar veren bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. (Altta)
\nDe\u011ferli Okurlar\u0131m, Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Hollanda Devlet Ar\u015fivi\u2019nden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi ve d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlar\u0131 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde analiz edebilece\u011fini belirtti. Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen, na\u00e7izane \u015fahs\u0131m da, T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc ile Lahey\u2019e gitmeyi zaruri buldum. Devlet Ar\u015fivi\u2019ndeki T\u00fcrkiye dosyas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ama, incelemek isteyenler randevu ile kabul ediliyor. Biz de haftaya bir randevu daha ayarlad\u0131k.
\nBu nedenle sizden, bize 10 g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir s\u00fcre tan\u0131man\u0131z\u0131 rica ediyoruz.
\nSERG\u0130LER A\u00c7ILACAK
\nBu konuda yap\u0131lacak olan baz\u0131 etkinliklerden de s\u00f6z etmek istiyorum:
\nHollanda Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011finde K\u00fclt\u00fcr M\u00fc\u015favirli\u011fi yapmakta olan Eray Erge\u00e7 de, 20 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de Ankara\u2019da, daha sonra da \u0130stanbul ve Amsterdam\u2019da sergiler a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi.<\/p>\n

Lahey Hazine ve Maliye M\u00fc\u015favirimiz Zafer D\u00fczenli\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re, yar\u0131n Hollanda B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7imiz Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcnal ile birlikte, Hollanda Merkez Bankas\u0131 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Klaas Knot ile, \u00e7e\u015fitli konularda i\u015fbirli\u011fi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fecekler.
\nKAHRAMANLARIN B\u0130YOGRAF\u0130LER\u0130
\nTabii ki bu ara sizlere, bu konunun kahramanlar\u0131ndan Gerard Vissering\u2019in biyografisini sunmak istiyorum.
\nMehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc karde\u015fimizin de kariyerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar var. \u0130nan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor ama, T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc gerek T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve gerekse Hollanda\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve etkinlikler ile Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor.
\n\u0130\u015fte size \u00f6nce John deVries\u2019in kaleminden Gerard Vissering\u2019in biyografisi: (Altta T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn biyografisi)
\nGerard Vissering ( Leiden , 1 Mart 1865 \u2013 Bloemendaal , 19 Aral\u0131k 1937 )
\n1906\u2019dan 1912\u2019ye kadar Javasche Bank\u2019\u0131n ve 1912\u2019den 1931\u2019e kadar De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131 .
\nBal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k (1920)
\nGerard , profes\u00f6r ve Maliye Bakan\u0131 Simon Vissering (1818-1888) ile Grietje Corver\u2019\u0131n (1825-1898) o\u011fluydu . 1884\u2019ten 1890\u2019a kadar Leiden\u2019de hukuk okuduktan sonra 1895\u2019e kadar avukat olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan sonra bankac\u0131 olarak bir i\u015f se\u00e7ti. 1895-1897 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Efekt Ticareti Derne\u011fi\u2019nin sekreterli\u011fini yapt\u0131 ve 1897-1900 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ka\u015f-Vereeniging\u2019in direkt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131. Vissering, Javasche Bank\u2019taki i\u015fini kabul etmeden \u00f6nce 1900 ile 1906 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Amsterdamsche Bank\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc .
\nJavasche Bank\u2019\u0131n banka ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak Hindistan ekonomisi h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcrken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ihtiya\u00e7lara ve f\u0131rsatlara yan\u0131t verdi. D\u00f6viz piyasas\u0131nda daha aktif hareket edilebilmesi i\u00e7in patentin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda daha fazla b\u00f6lge Hollanda otoritesi alt\u0131na girdi. Loncan\u0131n hen\u00fcz \u00f6demeye al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki ticareti desteklemek i\u00e7in, Bat\u0131 Borneo (1906) ve Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda (1907-1908) oldu\u011fu gibi Vissering\u2019in ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel para temizli\u011fi gerekliydi. Ayr\u0131ca Javasche Bank\u2019\u0131n sekiz \u015fubesini kurdu ve orada ciro trafi\u011fini ba\u015flatt\u0131 .
\n1919\u2019dan 1937\u2019ye kadar Zuiderzee Konseyi\u2019nin \u00fcyesi ve ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131 . Ayn\u0131 zamanda Zuiderzee topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ihrac\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen Devlet Komisyonu\u2019nun ba\u015fkan\u0131yd\u0131.
\nGerard, 12-8-1891 tarihinde Bayan Maria Adrienne Sandberg ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten 1 erkek, 3 k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya geldi. E\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra (5-3-1924) 6-9-1926\u2019da Geertruida Cornelia Krayenhoff van de Leur ile evlendi. Bu evlilikten gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00f6len 1 o\u011flunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 1 k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya geldi.
\nVissering, hem baba hem de anne taraf\u0131ndan Menonit k\u00f6kenliydi. Babas\u0131 \u00f6nde gelen liberal iktisat\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131, 1850\u2019de Thorbecke\u2019nin Leiden ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n halefi, 1879\u2019dan 1881\u2019e kadar Maliye Bakan\u0131, uzun s\u00fcredir De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n komiseri ve De Gids\u2019in tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f edit\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc . On ikinci ve son \u00e7ocuk olan Gerard\u2019\u0131n bir\u00e7ok sosyal bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Leiden\u2019de hukuk okuduktan (1884-1890) ve Amsterdam\u2019da birka\u00e7 y\u0131l (1891-1895) avukatl\u0131k yapt\u0131ktan sonra ba\u015fkentin bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemini tercih etti. Art arda Efekt Ticareti Derne\u011fi sekreterli\u011fi (1895-1897), Kas-Vereeniging m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1897-1900) ve Amsterdamsche Bank m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1900-1906) g\u00f6revlerinde bulundu. Vissering\u2019in daha sonra Hollanda Do\u011fu Hint Adalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkez bankas\u0131 olan Javasche Bank\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanmas\u0131 (1906-1912), bu geli\u015fme y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131yd\u0131.
\nBanka ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak Vissering, h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Hindistan ekonomisinin Javasche Bank\u2019a sundu\u011fu ihtiya\u00e7 ve f\u0131rsatlara vizyon ve enerjiyle yan\u0131t verdi. Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerle geni\u015fleyen ticarete uyum sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in 1908\u2019de patentin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131; bu, alt\u0131n takas sisteminin daha da geli\u015ftirilmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. D\u00f6viz piyasas\u0131ndaki daha aktif eylem bir\u00e7ok ele\u015ftiriye yol a\u00e7t\u0131, ancak yabanc\u0131 portf\u00f6y\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc makul s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij dahil di\u011fer bankalardan gelen \u015fikayetler gizlenmemi\u015f ki\u015fisel \u00e7\u0131karlardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu temelsizdi. Geni\u015f alanlar\u0131n do\u011frudan Hollanda otoritesine tabi olmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, b\u00f6lgesel para temizli\u011fi gerekliydi ve Vissering bunu ak\u0131ll\u0131ca ba\u015fard\u0131: Bat\u0131 Borneo (1906) ve Sumatra\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 (1907-1908). S\u0131k s\u0131k Hindistan Tak\u0131madalar\u0131\u2019na seyahat ederek Javasche Bank\u2019\u0131n sekiz acentesini kurdu. Hindistan menkul k\u0131ymet ticaretinde ciro i\u015flemlerinin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve suiistimallerle m\u00fccadele, Vissering\u2019in Hindistan ekonomisi ad\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7kin modernizasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n resmini tamaml\u0131yor.
\nOnun cazibesi ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in\u2019e verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir krediyi bu \u00fclkedeki para birimi reformu talebine ba\u011flayan ve bu nedenle ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir dan\u0131\u015fmana ihtiya\u00e7 duyan B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00fc\u00e7ler Sendikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, ABD) uluslararas\u0131 ilgisini de \u00e7ekti. Bunu, Ekim 1911\u2019de \u00c7in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan ikinci derece mandarin r\u00fctbesinde dan\u0131\u015fman olarak atanan Vissering\u2019de buldu. 1912\u2019de \u00c7in\u2019de patlak veren devrim, \u00c7in Para Birimi Hakk\u0131nda iki b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc raporda (Amsterdam, 1912-1914. 2 cilt.) ortaya konan \u00f6nerilerinin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini engelledi. Bu dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k Viissering\u2019in kariyerine uluslararas\u0131 bir boyut kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na gelindi\u011finde ayn\u0131 zamanda Hollanda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da yetkili bir bankac\u0131yd\u0131. NP van den Berg\u2019in halefi olarak 1912\u2019de De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanmas\u0131 do\u011fal bir olayd\u0131.
\nVissering\u2019in Ekim 1931\u2019e kadar s\u00fcren g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi, seleflerinin hi\u00e7birine benzemeyen sorunlarla karakterize edildi. Hem politik hem de ekonomik olarak yap\u0131sal ve d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel nitelikteydiler. Ulusal a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Hollanda, 1890\u2019dan bu yana h\u0131zl\u0131 bir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7erisindedir ve bu durum, 1900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda ba\u015flayan yo\u011funla\u015fma hareketi ile bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc de dahil olmak \u00fczere ekonominin her alan\u0131nda yeniden yap\u0131lanmaya yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 alanda d\u00fcnya ekonomisine daha yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flanan \u00fclke, uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik iklimdeki de\u011fi\u015fimlere eskisinden \u00e7ok daha keskin bir \u015fekilde maruz kald\u0131. Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemin alt\u0131n standard\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki istikrarl\u0131 ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 1914\u2019ten bu yana ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir bozulmaya yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve 1918\u2019den sonra alt\u0131n standard\u0131nda da yaln\u0131zca k\u0131smi bir iyile\u015fme ya\u015fand\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen, devam eden ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, sonunda 1930\u2019lardaki Bunal\u0131m\u2019la doru\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda Vissering, De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131 ve oradan genel olarak \u00fclke ekonomisini ve \u00f6zel olarak da bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemini y\u00f6netmek gibi zor bir g\u00f6revi yerine getirmek zorunda kald\u0131.
\nBu g\u00f6revi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zveriyle yerine getirdi. Ekonomik (ve politik) a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00e7ok daha az \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir hale gelen bir d\u00fcnyada hatalar ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131 ve ele\u015ftiri de normal bir sonu\u00e7tu. 1914\u2019te sava\u015f ekonomisinin gerektirdi\u011fi kapsaml\u0131 parasal \u00f6nlemleri enerjik bir \u015fekilde i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131 ve uygulad\u0131. Sava\u015ftan sonra, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik toparlanmas\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, ABD, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve aralar\u0131nda JM Keynes\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinden \u00e7ok say\u0131da uluslararas\u0131 \u015fahsiyeti Amsterdam\u2019daki evinde bir araya getirdi (Ekim 1919). Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u2018Memorandum\u2019 (\u0130ngilizce terc\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in bkz. G. Vissering, Over den enternasyonal finansal ve ekonomik durum (Amsterdam [vb.], 1920) 96-102), sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ilk uluslararas\u0131 mali ve ekonomik konferans\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturdu. Vissering\u2019in ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu Br\u00fcksel (Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim 1920). Daha sonra Cenova\u2019daki benzer bir konferansa (Nisan-May\u0131s 1922), Paris\u2019teki Bankerler Konferans\u0131na (Haziran 1922), Alman Mark\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stikrar\u0131 i\u00e7in Uluslararas\u0131 Uzmanlar Komitesi\u2019ne (Ekim-Kas\u0131m 1922) kat\u0131ld\u0131. Prof. EW Kemmerer ile birlikte G\u00fcney Afrika Birli\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmetine alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n restorasyonu (1924-1925 k\u0131\u015f\u0131) ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetine para ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k sisteminin d\u00fczenlenmesi (Haziran 1928) konusunda tavsiyelerde bulundu. May\u0131s 1931\u2019de o y\u0131l kurulan Uluslararas\u0131 \u00d6demeler Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Y\u00f6netim Kurulu \u00fcyeli\u011fine atand\u0131.
\nUluslararas\u0131 boyut ulusal boyuta her zamankinden daha fazla ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n bankac\u0131l\u0131k yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 yoluyla bankac\u0131lar\u0131n bankas\u0131 i\u015flevine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olan ge\u00e7mi\u015ften gelen yap\u0131sal \u00e7izgi, Vissering d\u00f6neminde de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde devam etti. Genel olarak bankac\u0131l\u0131kta ciro i\u015flemlerinin modern geli\u015fimini te\u015fvik etti. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ili\u015fkilere dayanarak, Amsterdam\u2019daki uluslararas\u0131 kabul kredisinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini ve De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6viz portf\u00f6y\u00fcne artan vurguyu destekledi. Vissering, banka ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak 1920\u2019lerde yakla\u015fan bankac\u0131l\u0131k krizinin \u00f6nlenmesinde ve ayr\u0131ca Hollanda\u2019da alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesinde (1925) aktif bir rol oynad\u0131. Onun politikas\u0131, 15 May\u0131s 1920 tarihli s\u00f6zde \u2018Ond\u00f6rtlerin Manifestosu\u2019nun ( Economisch-Statistiek Berichten 1920 I, 431-432) kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ele\u015ftirisiz kalmad\u0131; buna \u2018Onyedilerin Manifestosu\u2019 da eklendi. 23 May\u0131s 1920\u2019de (ayn\u0131 yerde, 498) protesto ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130lki, parasal dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n tehlikelerine ve alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesinin gereklili\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekerken, ikincisi, parasal dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n zorunlu olarak azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda deflasyon riskine ve alt\u0131n standard\u0131n\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesinin uygunsuzlu\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131da bulundu.
\n1920\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda y\u00fckselen ekonomide gizli kalan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit ise alt\u0131n takas\u0131 politikas\u0131nda yat\u0131yordu. Ancak 1929\u2019da ba\u015flayan bunal\u0131mdan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6viz portf\u00f6y\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sterlin cinsinden oldu\u011fundan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin alt\u0131n standard\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mesi ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sterlinin de\u011fer kaybetmesi merkez bankas\u0131 i\u00e7in ciddi bir kay\u0131pla sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r. Bu tehlike eski Turfmarkt\u2019ta fark edildi, ancak Hollanda Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n pound portf\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn risk alt\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na g\u00fcvenmesine izin verildi. Ancak Eyl\u00fcl 1931\u2019de \u0130ngiltere alt\u0131n standard\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca \u0130ngiltere Bankas\u0131 bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmedi\u011fi gibi di\u011fer \u00fclkelere de yerine getirmedi. Alt\u0131n standard\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda ahlaki bir terkedi\u015fin de i\u015faretiydi. De Nederlandsche Bank\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nemli kayb\u0131 o zamandan beri haks\u0131z yere Vissering\u2019den al\u0131konuldu. Bu olay ve bozulan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onu Ekim 1931\u2019de istifaya zorlad\u0131. Hollanda Merkez Bankas\u0131 esasen d\u00f6viz politikas\u0131 alan\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildi.
\nCazibeli ve vizyon sahibi bir bankac\u0131 olarak Vissering, \u2018imparatorluk kurucular\u0131\u2019 olarak adland\u0131rabilece\u011fimiz giri\u015fimciler ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131na aitti. CJK van Aalst, FH Fentener van Vlissingen, AF Philips, A. Plesman ve FG Waller gibi adamlar da kendi alanlar\u0131nda bunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Onlar, Hollanda\u2019daki modern i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleri, liberal y\u00f6nelimli, i\u015f imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n enerjik kurucular\u0131 ve liderleriydi, ilerleme duygusuyla dolu, uluslararas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip, genellikle s\u00f6m\u00fcrge topraklar\u0131 ve ilgili G\u00fcney Afrika ile yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131, ilgili ve ilgili G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019yd\u0131. Kamu yarar\u0131na, bilime ve g\u00fczel sanatlara y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek. Genel \u00e7\u0131kar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Vissering, sekreter (1901-1906) ve ba\u015fkan (1913-1934) olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Zuiderzee Derne\u011fi\u2019ne odakland\u0131. Sanata, \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6rsel sanatlara ve m\u00fczi\u011fe duyarl\u0131 bir insan olarak pasif olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, di\u011fer yandan \u00f6zellikle parasal ekonomi ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bilimsel alanda aktifti. 1917\u2019den beri Amsterdam Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi\u2019nin \u00fcyesiydi. Etkileyici bibliyografyas\u0131, bilimsel katk\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u00fcn\u00fcn olaylar\u0131yla ilgili bir\u00e7ok canl\u0131 yorumu da i\u00e7eriyor. Yaz\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda (hen\u00fcz yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f) g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerde, seyahat a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda ve mektuplarda da ifade buldu. Ki\u015fisel sorumluluk ihtiyac\u0131na, topluma a\u00e7\u0131klama yapma konusunda biraz didaktik bir d\u00fcrt\u00fc e\u015flik ediyordu. Vissering, yaln\u0131z ba\u015f\u0131na son derece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan biriydi; ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyal hayattan da \u00e7ekinmiyordu, biraz bask\u0131c\u0131yd\u0131 ve kendi ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131na uygun bir \u00f6zg\u00fcven duygusuna sahipti. Gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda m\u00fcthi\u015f bir k\u00fcrek\u00e7i ve patenciydi; Hayat\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerinde yelkencilik yapmaya devam etti.
\nBu da Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn karnesi:
\nMehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, eserlerinden birini K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakan\u0131 G\u00fcnay Uslu\u2019ya sunmu\u015ftu.T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Bat\u0131 ve \u0130slam D\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler konusunda geni\u015f \u00e7apta dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir uzmand\u0131r. \u00c7ok say\u0131da yay\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bir\u00e7ok onet sergi ve konferansa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.
\n\u0130sim : Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc
\nDo\u011fum tarihi : 21 Eyl\u00fcl 1962
\nDo\u011fum yeri : Karaman, T\u00fcrkiye
\nE-Mail : m.tutuncu@gmail.com
\nMOBIL : +31.62.4255100
\nE-Mail: m.tutuncu@gmail.com
\nE\u011fitim : Amsterdam \u00dcniversitesi, ekonomi ve mali ekonomi alan\u0131nda doktora.
\nDiller :
\n\u2013 Hollandaca (neredeyse anadil olarak),
\n\u2013 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e (ana dil)
\n\u2013 \u0130ngilizce (ak\u0131c\u0131, okuma, konu\u015fma ve yazma)
\n\u2013 Almanca (ak\u0131c\u0131 konu\u015fma ve okuma),
\n\u2013 Frans\u0131zca (konu\u015fma ve okuma ortalamas\u0131),
\n\u2013 Arap\u00e7a (temel okuma)
\n\u2013 Rus\u00e7a (temel okuma)
\n\u2013 Osmanl\u0131ca (okuma ve yazma)
\nAkademik yay\u0131nlar \u015fu adresten indirilebilir:
\nhttp:\/\/independent.academia.edu\/MehmetTutuncu
\nTan\u0131kl\u0131klar: Prof Petra Sijpesteijn,
\nProf Ludvik Kalus (Sorbonne)
\nve Prof Giancarlo Macchiarella (CA Foscari)
\n2. AKT\u0130V\u0130TELER
\nI. T\u00fcrk ve Arap D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi Ba\u015fkan\u0131.
\nII. UZNED \u00d6zbekistan Hollanda Dostluk Vakf\u0131 eski ba\u015fkan\u0131 (2018-2020).
\nIII. Bir\u00e7ok konferansta davetli konu\u015fmac\u0131.
\nIV. \u0130slam ve Bat\u0131 konulu sergilerin ve Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n organizat\u00f6r\u00fc, ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131.
\n\u00dczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m projelerden baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler.
\n\u2013 Leiden Etnoloji M\u00fczesi (Mekke\u2019ye \u00d6zlem),
\n\u2013 Lakenhal (uluslararas\u0131 tekstil ticareti dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131).
\n\u2013 Rotterdam Denizcilik M\u00fczesi (Hollanda Korsanl\u0131k Projesi) ve
\n\u2013 Tropenmuseum (Mekke\u2019ye \u00d6zlem) Amsterdam ve
\n\u2013 Lahey\u2019deki Ulusal Ar\u015fivler (Motivasyona bak\u0131n)
\nV. \u00c7ok say\u0131da kitap ve makale. (Yay\u0131n listesine bak\u0131n\u0131z)
\nVI. \u00c7e\u015fitli televizyon ve belgeseller i\u00e7in metin yazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k
\n\u2013 Ulusal Ar\u015fivlerin \u00f6zellikle Akdeniz \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6nemi
\n\u2013 Prens ve Pa\u015fa (2012),
\n\u2013 400 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Dostluk (2018)
\n\u2013 Ve Jan Janszoon nam-\u0131 di\u011fer Murad Haarlem\u2019den Cezayir\u2019e Yolculuk (\u00e7e\u015fitli televizyon kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve yay\u0131nlar\u0131)
\n\u2013 (2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanan bir belgeselin posteri i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki 3. foto\u011frafa bak\u0131n\u0131z)
\nVI. Perspektifte Ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar \u00dczerine Yorumcu.
\nBir\u00e7ok Orta Do\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isinin konu\u015fma orta\u011f\u0131. (Suudi Arabistan, Cezayir, Umman, T\u00fcrkiye Azerbaycan ve Kazakistan)
\nTelevizyon programlar\u0131 r\u00f6portajlar\u0131:
\n2024 NTR Jan Jansen D\u00fcnya Korsan\u0131
\nHollandsemeetser revize edildi (Teylers M\u00fczesi ve Rijkmsueum\u2019daki program, 2024 sonbahar\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanacak)
\nSE\u00c7I\u0307LMI\u0307\u015e YAYINLAR-K\u0130TAPLAR
\n1. 400 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n Dostluk, 1612 Hollanda ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131ndaki Dostluk Anla\u015fmas\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiye, metin ve modern T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Hollandacaya \u00e7eviri (Mehmet
\nT\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Erik Swart ve B\u00fclent Ar\u0131), Heemstede 2019, 64pp, ISBN 978-90-6921-
\n017-9 (Turkuaz serisi: 14)
\n2. Heemstede\u2019deki Evde Konstantinopolis\u2019in Kay\u0131p Panoramas\u0131 by
\nAdriaan Pauw, Hans Krol ve Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Heemstede, 2020, 44 s. ISBN
\n978-9069-021-28-5 (Turkuaz serisi: 24)
\n3. KONSTANT\u0130NOPEL VE HOLLANDA ARASINDA : Dragoman ve Diplomat ailesi Testa. Derleme ve metin Hans Krol ve Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, (Andre Testa ve Patrick Testa\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla) ISBN (Turkuaz serisi: 30)
\n4. Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nden G\u00fcney Denizi\u2019ne, 1793\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Wijhe\u2019ye Seyahatname, Gaspard Baron Testa ISBN 978-90-6921-047-6
\n5. Cezayir\u2019de Be\u015f Y\u0131l, Thomas Hees\u2019in G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (1675-1680), Paul Brood, Gerard van Krieken ve Mehmet T\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc ile Eveline St.
\ntoplam 2022. (SOTA d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) ISBN 9789087049928 yay\u0131nland\u0131
\n10. Adriaan Reland, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hollanda\u2019da saf ve objektif \u0130slam bilgisinin ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f bir savunucusu, (Kas\u0131m Tekin taraf\u0131ndan) 2021\u2019de
\n11. Ebubekir Efendi \u2013 A. van Selms, Bayan-al-Din \/ Uiteensettinge van Godsdienst, 1869\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da bas\u0131lan Arap Alfabesiyle ilk Hollandaca (Afrika) kitab\u0131n t\u0131pk\u0131bas\u0131m\u0131 ve transkripsiyonu, 2022<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mehmet T\u00dcT\u00dcNC\u00dc ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 \u0130lhan KARA\u00c7AY derledi: Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnyaca \u00fcnl\u00fc bankac\u0131s\u0131 Gerard Vissering\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor ve t\u00fcz\u00fck ile kurulan Merkez Bankas\u0131, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc ve Celal Bayar \u00e7eki\u015fmesine sahne olmu\u015f. *Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n, Vissering\u2019e hediye olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu 2000 adetlik sigara Hollanda g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. *T\u00fcrkiye Merkez Bankas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in Vissering\u2019e mektupla ba\u015fvuran Hollandal\u0131 bankac\u0131lara, \u2018T\u00fcrkler milli bankalar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":324912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-324911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-ekonomi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324911","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324911"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324911\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/324912"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=324911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.davutgulec.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=324911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}